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Acne is one of the most common skin condition that mainly affects teenagers. There are many options available for the treatment of acne. Understanding the methods of treatments will help choose the best option for you. In this post I will tell you about topical preparations that are available.
General skin care techniques can be effective in mild cases of acne. Washing your skin twice daily with mild moisturizing soap may help for the majority of people. It is found that exposure to sunlight help reduce the severity of breakouts. However, too much exposure should be avoided.
You can find more general tips in my article on acne questions and answers.
Acne creams:
Mild to moderate acne can be treated by applying skin cream preparations. There are many varieties available. Most of them can be purchased over the counter, some need prescription by a doctor.
Benzoyl peroxide: This is a commonly used topical agent for the management of mild form of acne. It kills bacteria, dissolve keratin, and has anti-inflammatory effect. It should be applied after cleaning the skin. It may cause dryness of the skin.
Examples of brand names; PanOxyl Acne Gel, Brevoxyl Cream, Oxy-10, Clearasil Ultra Acne Cream, and Benzac AC Gel.
Salicylic acid: It is a keratolytic, that means it can dissolve excessive keratin on the skin. Topical preparations of salicylic acid, either alone or in combination with other ingredients, can be used to treat mild acne.
Example; Neutrogena.
Azelaic acid: It has antibacterial, keretolytic, and antioxidant actions. Azeaic acid is used as a topical treatment for mild to moderate acne. It takes more than a month to see the beneficial effects.
Examples; Acnederm Lotion, Skinoren, and Azclear Action Medicated Lotion.
Antibiotics: Mild breakouts can be treated with antibiotic creams. Clindamycin and Erythromycin are commonly used antibiotics.
Example; Topical, Eryacne, and Stiemycin.
Retinoids: Retinoids are derivatives of vitamin A. They reduce keratinization of the skin. Topical retinoid preparations are used in the treatment of moderate to severe pimples.
Examples; Retin-A, Retinova, Isotrex Gel, and ReTrive cream.
6 Ekim 2012 Cumartesi
Acne Treatment: Oral Medications.
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Acne is inflammation of sebaceous glands of the skin. It mainly affects younger individuals. There are many treatment options available for the treatment of pimples. Topical preparations (creams and lotions) are popular and easy ones. However,moderate to severe forms of acne need treatment with oral medications.
The commonly used oral medications are:
Commonly used antibiotics are:
Isotretinoin is a teratogen and can cause birth defects in babies. So, it should never be taken by pregnant women.Popular brand name of Isotrenoin is Roaccutane.
Birth control pills: Combined oral contraceptive pills that contain both estrogen and progesterone are used in the treatment of acne in women who are not responding to first line agents.
Most of these oral medication have potential adverse effects. You may need prescription by a doctor to get them.
People also like to read:
Acne treatment creams.Acne questions and answers.What causes pimples?
Acne is inflammation of sebaceous glands of the skin. It mainly affects younger individuals. There are many treatment options available for the treatment of pimples. Topical preparations (creams and lotions) are popular and easy ones. However,moderate to severe forms of acne need treatment with oral medications.
The commonly used oral medications are:
- Antibiotics.
- Oral Retinoids.
- Hormonal pills.
Commonly used antibiotics are:
- Doxycycline.
- Tetracycline.
- Minocycline.
- Erythromycin.
Isotretinoin is a teratogen and can cause birth defects in babies. So, it should never be taken by pregnant women.Popular brand name of Isotrenoin is Roaccutane.
Birth control pills: Combined oral contraceptive pills that contain both estrogen and progesterone are used in the treatment of acne in women who are not responding to first line agents.
Most of these oral medication have potential adverse effects. You may need prescription by a doctor to get them.
People also like to read:
Acne treatment creams.Acne questions and answers.What causes pimples?
Bed wetting: Alarms are the best treatment.
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Bed wetting refers to the involuntary passage of urine during sleep. It is common in children up to the age of five. About half of the three years old children wet bed during night. This condition is also known as nocturnal enuresis or sleep wetting.
Bed wetting is considered a problem if it occurs in children of six years or older. It is more common in boys than girls. There is usually no obvious cause or physical abnormality found in affected children. They seem to have a delay in development of bladder control.
Some children may have small or sensitive bladder. Genetic factors also play significant role in this condition. That means; if one child in a family has bed wetting problem, there is more chance of other family members having it.
Bed-wetting can be primary or secondary. The cause of secondary enuresis can be psychological. It commonly occurs during a period of stress or anxiety. Most common triggering factors are arrival of a new baby and separation from a parent.
However, following underlying disorders should be excluded.
Helping the child:
Parents should help the child in the following ways to adjust the problem.
Use a bed wetting alarm:
Bed-wetting alarm system is considered to be the best treatment. You do not normally need a prescription to by it. There are many types of alarm available in the market. some use pads in the pants and under the bottom sheet. Modern alarms use a small bakelite chip, which is attached to the child's briefs by a safety pin. a wire connects to the buzzer outside the bed. Wireless alarms also available. The buzzer make a loud noise when the child pass urine. The child wakes,switches off the alarm and visit the toilet.
The method is based on a conditional response to release urine. It is important to keep the alarm device and the mat in proper functioning condition.
Try this method for at least three months. If the trial fails, have a three month break and try again. Once your child is dry for a month, continue using the alarm for another two weeks and then stop.
Popular brands of alarms are;
Other methods of treatment:
Desmopressin: This medication comes as a nasal spray. It reduces the amount of urine production at night. It is the treatment of choice if bed alarm fails.
Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants such as Imipramine can also be used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. However, they have many adverse effects.
Bed wetting refers to the involuntary passage of urine during sleep. It is common in children up to the age of five. About half of the three years old children wet bed during night. This condition is also known as nocturnal enuresis or sleep wetting.
Bed wetting is considered a problem if it occurs in children of six years or older. It is more common in boys than girls. There is usually no obvious cause or physical abnormality found in affected children. They seem to have a delay in development of bladder control.
Some children may have small or sensitive bladder. Genetic factors also play significant role in this condition. That means; if one child in a family has bed wetting problem, there is more chance of other family members having it.
Bed-wetting can be primary or secondary. The cause of secondary enuresis can be psychological. It commonly occurs during a period of stress or anxiety. Most common triggering factors are arrival of a new baby and separation from a parent.
However, following underlying disorders should be excluded.
- Urinary tract infection.
- Diabetes.
- Urinary tract abnormalities.
- Neurogenic bladder.
Helping the child:
Parents should help the child in the following ways to adjust the problem.
- Do not punish the child.
- Praise the child for each dry nights.
- Do not stop the child drinking water after the evening meal.
- Do not wake the child at night to visit the toilet.
- Use a night light to help the child who wakes.
- Use an absorbent pad beneath the bottom sheet to keep the bed dry.
- Nappy can be used.
Use a bed wetting alarm:
Bed-wetting alarm system is considered to be the best treatment. You do not normally need a prescription to by it. There are many types of alarm available in the market. some use pads in the pants and under the bottom sheet. Modern alarms use a small bakelite chip, which is attached to the child's briefs by a safety pin. a wire connects to the buzzer outside the bed. Wireless alarms also available. The buzzer make a loud noise when the child pass urine. The child wakes,switches off the alarm and visit the toilet.
The method is based on a conditional response to release urine. It is important to keep the alarm device and the mat in proper functioning condition.
Try this method for at least three months. If the trial fails, have a three month break and try again. Once your child is dry for a month, continue using the alarm for another two weeks and then stop.
Popular brands of alarms are;
- Malem Night Trainer
- Drop Stop
- Enurad
- Wet-stop
Other methods of treatment:
Desmopressin: This medication comes as a nasal spray. It reduces the amount of urine production at night. It is the treatment of choice if bed alarm fails.
Antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants such as Imipramine can also be used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. However, they have many adverse effects.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
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Sleep apnea is an important cause of poor memory, high blood pressure, and stroke.
Sleep apnoea is a common condition in which oxygen supply to the brain is intermittently cut off during sleep. There are two types;
Obstructive sleep apnea is the commonest type. When you are awake, throat muscles help keep the airway stiff. It maintains the airway open so oxygen can flow into the lungs. During sleep the muscles are relaxed and the airway collapses and get blocked. Partial obstruction is indicated by snoring.
The airway can be blocked completely. Reduced airflow into the lungs leads to drop in your blood oxygen level. When the oxygen drops to a dangerous level, your sleep is disturbed and you wake for a moment. This helps tighten the airway muscles and open your airway. After that you will fall into sleep. Then the apnea cycle start again. This happens several hundred times during a night.
However, most people who have this condition do not know that they have it. A family member or partner may first notice the signs of sleep apnea, specially snoring.
Causes of sleep apnea.
It can be diagnosed accurately by doing a sleep study. The common type of sleep study is a polysomnogram. This test records your brain activity, eye movements, breathing, airflow, heart rate, blood pressure, and the amount of oxygen in your blood.
Home sleep apnea test is also available using a portable monitor.
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: will be available in the next post.
Sleep apnoea is a common condition in which oxygen supply to the brain is intermittently cut off during sleep. There are two types;
- Central sleep apnea.
- Obstructive sleep apnea.
Obstructive sleep apnea is the commonest type. When you are awake, throat muscles help keep the airway stiff. It maintains the airway open so oxygen can flow into the lungs. During sleep the muscles are relaxed and the airway collapses and get blocked. Partial obstruction is indicated by snoring.
The airway can be blocked completely. Reduced airflow into the lungs leads to drop in your blood oxygen level. When the oxygen drops to a dangerous level, your sleep is disturbed and you wake for a moment. This helps tighten the airway muscles and open your airway. After that you will fall into sleep. Then the apnea cycle start again. This happens several hundred times during a night.
However, most people who have this condition do not know that they have it. A family member or partner may first notice the signs of sleep apnea, specially snoring.
Causes of sleep apnea.
- Obesity and overweight.
- Enlarged tonsils.
- Enlarged tongue.
- Short neck.
- Excessive alcohol consumption.
- Sedative medications.
- Obstruction of the nose.
- Sleeping on the back.
- Some neurological conditions.
- Excessive daytime sleepiness.
- Un-refreshed sleep.
- Tiredness.
- Loud snoring.
- Choking at night.
- Headache in the morning.
- Learning difficulties.
- Poor memory.
- Impaired concentration.
- Personality changes.
- Depression.
- Loss of libido.
- High blood pressure.
- Increased incidence of heart attack.
- Increased incidence of stroke.
- Cardiac arrhythmia.
- Heart failure.
- Diabetes.
- Obesity.
- Increased chance of having work related and road traffic accidents.
It can be diagnosed accurately by doing a sleep study. The common type of sleep study is a polysomnogram. This test records your brain activity, eye movements, breathing, airflow, heart rate, blood pressure, and the amount of oxygen in your blood.
Home sleep apnea test is also available using a portable monitor.
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: will be available in the next post.
Vitamin D
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Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin, which is essential for life. Unlike other vitamins, it can be produced by our body. The skin synthesizes it with the help of ultra violet radiation from the sun. This is the main source of vitamin D for our body. Only few foods have vitamin D in considerable amounts. Our body has the ability to store this vitamin for longer periods of time.
Strong bones and teeth: The main benefit of vitamin D is maintaining calcium balance in the body. calcium is a mineral mainly found in bones and teeth. It gives strength. vitamin D is essential for the absorption of calcium from the digestive system. In addition, it helps deposit calcium and phosphate into the bones and teeth. Adequate levels of vitamin D help prevent rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Furthermore, it help reduce the incidence of osteoporosis. So one of the main benefits is strengthening our bones and teeth.
Helps boost immunity: Vitamin D help increase the efficiency of immune system, which protects our body from harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Low levels of vitamin D is associated with increased incidence of infections.
Prevents cancer: Vitamin D may help reduce the risk of developing cancer. Scientific studies of the association between vitamin D and the risk of cancer have provided some indications that high levels of intake are associated with reduced risk of colo-rectal cancer.
Regulates blood pressure: Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating our blood pressure. This is achieved through inhibition of renin angiotensin mechanism. Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be a risk factor for developing hypertension in many studies.
Note: Some of the benefits from vitamin D are yet to be proven by scientific research. However, taking adequate amounts of vitamin D does not cause any harm.
Vitamin D is naturally found only in few foods, however, our body can produce adequate amounts with the help of ultra-violet rays from the sun. Many people are scared about the skin cancer risk of these rays. So, how can we get the vitamin D from foods?
Fortunately some food contain significant amounts of vitamin D. Here are some examples;
Eat these fishes at least three to four times a week to get adequate amounts. In addition these fish contain high amounts of omega 3 fatty acids.
Other fishes that contain high amount of vitamin D are; cat fish, sardines, eels and herrings.
Many people think that eggs have high amounts of vit D, but that is not true. One whole egg has only 20-25 IU, which is about 4% of the daily requirement.
You can get vitamin D from the sun free of charge. Most people are able to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D from exposure to sunlight. It is responsible for up to 90 percent of vitamin D requirements. However, some people may find it difficult to balance healthy vitamin D levels against the well known risk of skin cancer.
I will tell you the safe way of getting free vitamin D from the sun. The only needed thing is safe sun exposure.
Only a small amount of sunlight is needed to maintain healthy vitamin D levels. For most people, being outdoors for 5-10 minutes three times a week in sunny days is sufficient.
People with dark skin need more sun exposure to produce enough vitamin D. Similarly, elderly people also require more sun exposure to achieve adequate levels of vitamin D.
Vitamin D is produced in ideal quantities when the skin is exposed to low levels of sunlight. Over exposure does not increase the production, instead it will cause harmful effects on the skin.
Once adequate vitamin D has been produced, it is stored in the body tissue. Our kidneys activate the vitamin into usable form.
Vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, which is a common disease in many developing countries. Children who are affected by severe malnutrition are more prone to get this disease. Osteomalacia is a similar illness occurring in adults due to the lack of vit D.
The following people are at risk of developing vitamin D deficiency.
Vit D is important for the growth and strength of bones. It helps deposit calcium and phosphate in the bone and teeth. So, lack of this vitamin mostly affects these structures.
Replacing vitamin D, calcium and phosphate is the main mode of treatment. Vit D is usually replaced with supplements such as fish oil. It should be noted that very high doses of commercial supplements may cause vitamin d toxicity.
Children with rickets should be encouraged to eat foods containing vitamin D such as oily fish.
Vitamin D toxicity is an uncommon condition where too much vitamin D is found in the blood. It occurs as a result of consumption of large doses of commercial supplements such as fish oil for long period of time.
As vit D is fat soluble, it can't be excreted through the kidneys. Because of that excess amounts consumed are stored in our body and causes vitamin d toxicity symptoms.
Over exposure to sun does not cause hypervitaminosis D, because our body has built in feedback mechanism that prevents excessive production of vitamin D. However high level of sun exposure should be avoided, because ultra violet (UV) rays will harm your skin and may lead to skin cancer.
Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D in considerable concentrations, so it is unlikely to develop toxicity by consuming these foods.
The recommended daily intake of vit D is 600-800 IU (international units). Consumption of just more than this amount does not cause poisoning. If you take very high doses such as 5000IU three times a day for few weeks or months, you will develop toxic symptoms.
Vit D plays an important role in calcium absorption, deposition, and excretion. So excess amounts of this vitamin brings our calcium level up. The clinical features are mainly due to increased calcium level in the blood (Hypercalcemia).
Blood level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D is measured to detect overdose or deficiency. After four hours of fasting, the blood is drown from a vein in the arm. After that it is analyzed in the laboratory. The normal range is 30-70 nano grams per milliliter (ng/ml).
Many commercial supplements contain more than the required amount. For example;
Medicinal nutraceutics - high potency vitamin D - 5000IU.
Country life dry vitamin D - 1000IU.
Source naturals vitamin D3 - 1000IU.
Swanson premium high potency vitamin D3 - 1000IU
So, it is important to consult a health care professional before taking the high potency vitamin supplements because of the risk of toxicity.
Overview
Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin, which is essential for life. Unlike other vitamins, it can be produced by our body. The skin synthesizes it with the help of ultra violet radiation from the sun. This is the main source of vitamin D for our body. Only few foods have vitamin D in considerable amounts. Our body has the ability to store this vitamin for longer periods of time.
Functions of vitamin D.
Strong bones and teeth: The main benefit of vitamin D is maintaining calcium balance in the body. calcium is a mineral mainly found in bones and teeth. It gives strength. vitamin D is essential for the absorption of calcium from the digestive system. In addition, it helps deposit calcium and phosphate into the bones and teeth. Adequate levels of vitamin D help prevent rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Furthermore, it help reduce the incidence of osteoporosis. So one of the main benefits is strengthening our bones and teeth.
Helps boost immunity: Vitamin D help increase the efficiency of immune system, which protects our body from harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Low levels of vitamin D is associated with increased incidence of infections.
Prevents cancer: Vitamin D may help reduce the risk of developing cancer. Scientific studies of the association between vitamin D and the risk of cancer have provided some indications that high levels of intake are associated with reduced risk of colo-rectal cancer.
Regulates blood pressure: Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating our blood pressure. This is achieved through inhibition of renin angiotensin mechanism. Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be a risk factor for developing hypertension in many studies.
Other benefits of vitamin D:
- It regulates the metabolism of insulin. By this mechanism, vitamin D lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes.
- It reduces the risk of multiple sclerosis, which is rare in tropical countries where there is much more sunlight.
- It protects from low levels of ionizing radiation.
- It stabilizes our mood, and boost our memory later in life.
- Helps prevent muscle pain and muscle weakness.
- Reduces chronic fatigue.
- Lowers inflammation in the body.
- It may help reduce overweight and obesity.
- It helps maintain healthy skin and healthy hair.
- It has been shown to reduce the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis and other auto immune diseases.
Note: Some of the benefits from vitamin D are yet to be proven by scientific research. However, taking adequate amounts of vitamin D does not cause any harm.
Food sources of vitamin D.
Vitamin D is naturally found only in few foods, however, our body can produce adequate amounts with the help of ultra-violet rays from the sun. Many people are scared about the skin cancer risk of these rays. So, how can we get the vitamin D from foods?
Fortunately some food contain significant amounts of vitamin D. Here are some examples;
Oily fish.
Fish such as salmon, mackerel and tuna are good sources of vitamin D. 100 grams of salmon flesh have about 500 IU.Eat these fishes at least three to four times a week to get adequate amounts. In addition these fish contain high amounts of omega 3 fatty acids.
Other fishes that contain high amount of vitamin D are; cat fish, sardines, eels and herrings.
Fortified foods.
Hence very few natural foods contain vitamin D; it is artificially added to several foods. Almost all milk products are fortified with vitamin D in many countries including the USA and Canada. Some other fortified foods available in the markets are; margarine, breakfast cereals and orange juice.Cod liver oil.
Cod liver oil is taken as a supplement, which contain very high amount of vitamin D and vitamin A, both can cause toxic effects in high doses. So, taking too much fish oil is not recommended.Many people think that eggs have high amounts of vit D, but that is not true. One whole egg has only 20-25 IU, which is about 4% of the daily requirement.
Vitamin D from the Sun.
You can get vitamin D from the sun free of charge. Most people are able to produce adequate amounts of vitamin D from exposure to sunlight. It is responsible for up to 90 percent of vitamin D requirements. However, some people may find it difficult to balance healthy vitamin D levels against the well known risk of skin cancer.
I will tell you the safe way of getting free vitamin D from the sun. The only needed thing is safe sun exposure.
Only a small amount of sunlight is needed to maintain healthy vitamin D levels. For most people, being outdoors for 5-10 minutes three times a week in sunny days is sufficient.
People with dark skin need more sun exposure to produce enough vitamin D. Similarly, elderly people also require more sun exposure to achieve adequate levels of vitamin D.
Vitamin D is produced in ideal quantities when the skin is exposed to low levels of sunlight. Over exposure does not increase the production, instead it will cause harmful effects on the skin.
Once adequate vitamin D has been produced, it is stored in the body tissue. Our kidneys activate the vitamin into usable form.
Safe ways to get vitamin D from the sun.
- Expose to sunlight for 5-10 minutes at least three times a week.
- Prolonged sunlight exposure does not increase vitamin D levels. Instead, it will increase the risk of long term skin damage.
- If you have dark skin, you need more time in the sun to produce adequate levels. One good news is; prolong exposure would not affect your skin much.
- Sunscreen creams block useful sunlight from penetrating the skin, thus prevent vitamin D synthesis.
- The UVB rays of natural sunlight cannot penetrate glass. So you cannot produce vitamin D when sitting in your car or inside your home.
- Only few foods have vitamin D in considerable amounts. You cannot get enough from foods alone. Exposure to sun is the only reliable way.
- If you cannot go out in the sun, you should take a vitamin D supplement, specially in the winter months.
- Exposure to sun between 11am and 3pm should be avoided.
- Vitamin D is the only nutrient that is available free of charge. So get it from the nature. At the same time remember to practice "safe sun exposure."
Vitamin D deficiency.
Vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, which is a common disease in many developing countries. Children who are affected by severe malnutrition are more prone to get this disease. Osteomalacia is a similar illness occurring in adults due to the lack of vit D.
The following people are at risk of developing vitamin D deficiency.
- Exclusively breast-fed infants.
- People with fat mal-absorption syndrome.
- Severely malnourished people.
- People who live in extreme latitudes, because less amount of vitamin D production from the sun.
- People suffering from celiac disease.
- Black skinned people.
- Bed ridden people.
Vit D is important for the growth and strength of bones. It helps deposit calcium and phosphate in the bone and teeth. So, lack of this vitamin mostly affects these structures.
Symptoms and signs.
- Bone pain and tenderness mainly in arms, legs, and spine.
- Back pain.
- Bone deformities such as bowlegs, skull deformities, bumps in the ribs, pigeon chest, and scoliosis (abnormal spinal curvature).
- Increased incidents of bone fractures.
- Impaired growth and short stature in children.
- Tooth deformities.
- Decreased muscle strength.
How vitamin D deficiency is treated?
Replacing vitamin D, calcium and phosphate is the main mode of treatment. Vit D is usually replaced with supplements such as fish oil. It should be noted that very high doses of commercial supplements may cause vitamin d toxicity.
Children with rickets should be encouraged to eat foods containing vitamin D such as oily fish.
Vitamin D toxicity.
Vitamin D toxicity is an uncommon condition where too much vitamin D is found in the blood. It occurs as a result of consumption of large doses of commercial supplements such as fish oil for long period of time.
As vit D is fat soluble, it can't be excreted through the kidneys. Because of that excess amounts consumed are stored in our body and causes vitamin d toxicity symptoms.
Over exposure to sun does not cause hypervitaminosis D, because our body has built in feedback mechanism that prevents excessive production of vitamin D. However high level of sun exposure should be avoided, because ultra violet (UV) rays will harm your skin and may lead to skin cancer.
Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D in considerable concentrations, so it is unlikely to develop toxicity by consuming these foods.
The recommended daily intake of vit D is 600-800 IU (international units). Consumption of just more than this amount does not cause poisoning. If you take very high doses such as 5000IU three times a day for few weeks or months, you will develop toxic symptoms.
Symptoms and signs.
Vit D plays an important role in calcium absorption, deposition, and excretion. So excess amounts of this vitamin brings our calcium level up. The clinical features are mainly due to increased calcium level in the blood (Hypercalcemia).
- Poor apatite, nausea and vomiting.
- Constipation.
- Weigh loss and weakness.
- Confusion.
- Peri-oral numbness.
- Cardiac arrhythmia.
How vitamin D toxicity is detected.
Blood level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D is measured to detect overdose or deficiency. After four hours of fasting, the blood is drown from a vein in the arm. After that it is analyzed in the laboratory. The normal range is 30-70 nano grams per milliliter (ng/ml).
Many commercial supplements contain more than the required amount. For example;
Medicinal nutraceutics - high potency vitamin D - 5000IU.
Country life dry vitamin D - 1000IU.
Source naturals vitamin D3 - 1000IU.
Swanson premium high potency vitamin D3 - 1000IU
So, it is important to consult a health care professional before taking the high potency vitamin supplements because of the risk of toxicity.
5 Ekim 2012 Cuma
Iron deficiency anemia.
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Iron deficiency anemia is the major nutritional disorder in the world. About one in ten women in the USA are affected by this condition. Iron deficiency anemia affects a large number of women and children in developing countries.
The World Health Organization estimated that over 30 per cent of the world's population is anemic, majority of them are due to lack of iron in the body.
Iron plays several important roles in our body. The main function is formation of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.
Iron is a main component of the hemoglobin, which is a red colored pigment found inside the red blood cells. Hemoglobin gives red color to our blood. Four molecules of iron are found in one hemoglobin molecule.Oxygen is temporarily binds with these molecules and transported throughout the body.
Low levels of hemoglobin in the blood is called anemia.
Normal range of hemoglobin in adults are;
Males 13.5-17 g/dl
Females 12-15 g/dl
Lack of iron in the body leads to reduced production of hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
Chronic blood loss, and improper diet are the main causes.
Iron is mainly found in the red blood cells. When we lose 1ml of blood, we lose about 1mg of Fe out of the body. Small amounts of blood loss over a long period of time can lead to low levels of iron in the body.
Chronic blood loss can be due to following reasons.
Anemia is more prevalent in vegetarians. Although many vegetables contain significant amounts of Fe, the absorption from these food is limited.
Poor absorption from the digestive tract may result in deficiency. People with coeliac disease, and people who have had gastric bypass surgery are at increased risk.
Increased demand during pregnancy can result in low iron level in the body. Pregnant women need extra iron for their growing babies and placentas, particularly in the later part of pregnancy.
In addition, the volume of blood in the body significantly increases during pregnancy. So more hemoglobin is needs to be produced.
Furthermore, many women start their pregnancy with low levels of iron in body stores. So they are more prone to anemia.
Eating iron rich food is the best way of preventing anemia. Foods of animal origin are the best sources.
Red meat is the number one food that provide adequate amounts of heme iron. Eating beef or lamb one or twice a week is a good way of preventing anemia.
Liver of beef, lamb, and chicken contain large amounts of iron. However, eating too much liver is not recommended because of the risk of vitamin A toxicity.
Beans and green leafy vegetables are the good plant sources. Better examples are; spinach, tofu, lentils, kidney beans, lima beans, soybeans, and dates.
However, iron from these food is poorly absorbed by our bodies. The absorption can be increased by adding vitamin C rich foods such as lemon, lime, and capsicum.
Estimation of hemoglobin (Hb%) in the blood is measured to diagnose anemia. An Hb level of less than 13.5g/dl in men, and less than 12g/dl in women are indicatives of anemia.
Measuring hematocrit is another test. This is the percentage of red blood cells (RBC) by volume in the blood. Normal ranges are 38-50 for males, and 35-45 for females.
These two tests can identify anemia. However, further tests are needed to demonstrate low levels of iron in the body.
Blood picture is a test used to examine the morphology of blood cells. In iron deficiency, red blood cells are smaller and paler in color than normal. This is called microcytic hypochromic anemia.
Ferritin; a protein helps store iron in the body. Estimation of ferritin is done to identify iron deficiency.
If the results indicate anemia due to lack of iron, further tests may be needed to confirm the cause of deficiency. Upper GI endoscopy, colonoscopy, and ultra sound scan are commonly performed.
Your doctor may recommend you to take iron supplements. In addition, he or she will also treat the underlying cause such as piles, peptic ulcer or menorrhagia.
When taking iron supplements consider following points.
The World Health Organization estimated that over 30 per cent of the world's population is anemic, majority of them are due to lack of iron in the body.
How iron deficiency causes anemia.
Iron plays several important roles in our body. The main function is formation of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.
Iron is a main component of the hemoglobin, which is a red colored pigment found inside the red blood cells. Hemoglobin gives red color to our blood. Four molecules of iron are found in one hemoglobin molecule.Oxygen is temporarily binds with these molecules and transported throughout the body.
Low levels of hemoglobin in the blood is called anemia.
Normal range of hemoglobin in adults are;
Males 13.5-17 g/dl
Females 12-15 g/dl
Lack of iron in the body leads to reduced production of hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
What are the causes of iron deficiency anemia?
Chronic blood loss, and improper diet are the main causes.
Iron is mainly found in the red blood cells. When we lose 1ml of blood, we lose about 1mg of Fe out of the body. Small amounts of blood loss over a long period of time can lead to low levels of iron in the body.
Chronic blood loss can be due to following reasons.
- Menstrual loss: Women lose between 30 - 80ml blood each month during their periods. Some may lose more than that amount. Because of that women are more prone to have iron deficiency symptoms.
- Hemorrhoids (piles): This is a common condition that affects more than a quarter of the adult population. Bleeding from the hemorrhoids is one of the main causes of iron loss.
- Hookworm infestation: This worms are found inside the intestine and suck our blood. This is the most common cause of fe deficiency among children, specially in the developing world.
- Cancer: Cancers in the gastro-intestinal tract, such as stomach, colon and rectum are associated with chronic blood loss. Iron deficiency anemia in a person over the age of 40 is an ominous sign, and should be taken seriously. Necessary investigations should be done to find out or exclude cancer.
- Inflammatory bowel disease: Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease cause bloody diarrhea and chronic blood loss.
- Peptic ulcer disease: Gastric or duodenal ulcer can cause chronic bleeding into the gastro-intestinal tract.
- Analgesic use: Long term use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as Ibuprofen may cause bleeding from the gastro intestinal tract.
Anemia is more prevalent in vegetarians. Although many vegetables contain significant amounts of Fe, the absorption from these food is limited.
Poor absorption from the digestive tract may result in deficiency. People with coeliac disease, and people who have had gastric bypass surgery are at increased risk.
Increased demand during pregnancy can result in low iron level in the body. Pregnant women need extra iron for their growing babies and placentas, particularly in the later part of pregnancy.
In addition, the volume of blood in the body significantly increases during pregnancy. So more hemoglobin is needs to be produced.
Furthermore, many women start their pregnancy with low levels of iron in body stores. So they are more prone to anemia.
Symptoms and signs of iron deficiency anemia.
- Tiredness and difficulty in doing physical activities.
- Puffy face and leg swelling.
- Palpitations or awareness of heart beat.
- Shortness of breath when doing physical activity.
- Dizziness.
- Chest pain during exertion (angina).
- Pain in the legs while walking (intermittent claudication).
- Headache.
- Ringing in the ears.
- Pallor which is best seen on conjunctiva of the eyes.
- Brittle and spoon shape nails.
- Thin and brittle hair.
- Hair loss.
- Soreness of the tongue.
- Altered taste.
- Eating strange items such as mud or ice. This condition is called pica.
- Difficulty in swallowing.
- Ulcers at the corners of the mouth.
- Impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections.
- Impaired growth in children.
- Heart failure.
How to prevent anemia due to iron deficiency.
Eating iron rich food is the best way of preventing anemia. Foods of animal origin are the best sources.
Red meat is the number one food that provide adequate amounts of heme iron. Eating beef or lamb one or twice a week is a good way of preventing anemia.
Liver of beef, lamb, and chicken contain large amounts of iron. However, eating too much liver is not recommended because of the risk of vitamin A toxicity.
Beans and green leafy vegetables are the good plant sources. Better examples are; spinach, tofu, lentils, kidney beans, lima beans, soybeans, and dates.
However, iron from these food is poorly absorbed by our bodies. The absorption can be increased by adding vitamin C rich foods such as lemon, lime, and capsicum.
How iron deficiency anemia is diagnosed.
Estimation of hemoglobin (Hb%) in the blood is measured to diagnose anemia. An Hb level of less than 13.5g/dl in men, and less than 12g/dl in women are indicatives of anemia.
Measuring hematocrit is another test. This is the percentage of red blood cells (RBC) by volume in the blood. Normal ranges are 38-50 for males, and 35-45 for females.
These two tests can identify anemia. However, further tests are needed to demonstrate low levels of iron in the body.
Blood picture is a test used to examine the morphology of blood cells. In iron deficiency, red blood cells are smaller and paler in color than normal. This is called microcytic hypochromic anemia.
Ferritin; a protein helps store iron in the body. Estimation of ferritin is done to identify iron deficiency.
If the results indicate anemia due to lack of iron, further tests may be needed to confirm the cause of deficiency. Upper GI endoscopy, colonoscopy, and ultra sound scan are commonly performed.
Treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
Your doctor may recommend you to take iron supplements. In addition, he or she will also treat the underlying cause such as piles, peptic ulcer or menorrhagia.
When taking iron supplements consider following points.
- Always take the correct dose. Iron overdose can be dangerous.
- It is better to take it on an empty stomach. If you develop nausea, stomach upset or vomiting, take the pills with small amount of food.
- You can take the tablets in divided doses to reduce the side effects. For example; taking one tablet in the morning and one in the afternoon is better than taking two at the same time.
- Do not take iron with antacids or calcium supplements because they reduce the absorption of iron.
- Avoid tea, coffee and milk at least two hours before and after taking the tablets, because these foods reduce the absorption of iron.
- Take the tablets with plenty of water. Never swallow the tablets without water.
- Always take while you are sitting or standing. Never swallow the pills while you are lying on the bed.
- Vitamin C is an iron absorption enhancer. So, drinking orange juice may help increase the absorption of iron from the gut.
- Do not chew, crush or split extended release tablets.
- If you are using liquid form, shake well before use and measure the correct amount carefully.
- Iron supplements have many side effects, most are minor ones. However they may cause allergic reactions. If you develop symptoms of allergy such as itching, rash, swelling, dizziness and difficult breathing, stop the medicine and seek immediate medical help.
- Keep the iron and other medications away from children.
- You may stop taking the iron supplement when your body's iron stores become full. Check you blood for iron and ferritin levels and ask your doctor when to stop.
Amazing benefits of bananas.
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Bananas are exceptionally healthy food that provide numerous health benefits. Probably bananas are the most widely consumed fruit in the world.
Bananas contain many essential nutrients including vitamins and minerals. In addition, they are a good source of energy, and fiber. Benefits of bananas range from providing healthy skin and hair to prevention of cancer.
Millions of people in developing countries eat banana as a staple food. They also use it as a natural remedy for many illnesses.
There are many health benefits of bananas. I can't tell all of them in detail in one post.
Here are some reasons why bananas are good for your health.
Bananas have many nutrients that are essential for your skin. They contain significant amounts of vitamin C which plays vital role in maintaining the integrity of your skin.
Collagen; a type of protein found in our skin. It is essential for strength and elasticity of the skin. Vitamin C is needed for the production of collagen by the body.
In addition, vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that protects the body from damage caused by oxygen free radicals. Long term destruction caused cause by the free radicals is a major cause of premature aging process of the skin. An important benefit from eating banana is younger looking skin. It can also prevent hair loss.
Good hydration is needed for your skin in order to look nice. Banana has about 75 per cent water by weight in it. Eating bananas help hydrate your skin and prevent it from drying and peeling.
Bananas are good source of vitamin B6 which is also known as pyridoxine. This B group vitamin is essential for a good healthy skin.
Large amounts of manganese is found in banana. Manganese is an antioxidant which protects the skin from damage by free radicals.
Energy is needed for our day to day activities. This energy is measured in calories.
Bananas are good source of energy. An average size banana will provide you about 100 calories. They give instant energy, that means, you do not need to wait for long time to get the result. The energy is available as soon as you eat them.
Almost everyone experiences constipation at some point in their life. Constipation is a very common symptom affecting people of all age groups.
Lack of fiber in our diet is the main cause of chronic simple constipation. Bananas are rich in a type of soluble fiber called pectin. Eating them everyday will provide considerable amounts of soluble fiber, which makes your feces soft and bulky. It helps have regular smooth bowel movements.
One of the main benefits of eating banana is getting good quality sleep, which is essential for our health. Lack of sleep can cause many health problems including obesity.
Sleep is regulated by a hormone called melatonin. This hormone is secreted by pineal gland which is located in the brain.
The pineal gland secretes melatonin in response to darkness. Tryptophan; an amino-acid is necessary for the production of this sleep hormone.
Bananas contain large amounts of tryptophan and serotonin. High carbohydrate content in bananas helps the brain to utilize tryptophan and serotonin to produce the sleep hormone.
Eating banana few hours before bedtime will help you have a peaceful night sleep.
Potassium is essential for many important functions of the body. We need potassium to maintain our blood pressure in a healthy range. Inadequate intake of potassium with our diet can cause high blood pressure.
In addition, potassium is needed for the heart to contract properly. The pumping action helps convey the blood throughout the body.
Furthermore, we need potassium for muscle contraction, and conduction of signals along nerve fibers.
Bananas have good amount of potassium. Many people do not know about the benefits provided by potassium in bananas.
It is recommended by many doctors to eat banana when you have diarrhea. You lose lots of potassium during lose motions. Eating banana can replace the potassium that you have lost in the feces.
Banana is a versatile fruit that contain many nutrients including vitamins and minerals.
The following nutrition information is for an average size banana that would be approximately 100g in weight.
It is believed that bananas give many other health benefits. Some are not clearly proven by scientific studies.
Stabilize your mood: Researches show that serotonin, a neurotransmitter found in bananas may help have a good mood. It can help people with depression to overcome their low mood.
Good for babies: Banana is often the first food given to weaning infants. They are easily digested. Babies like the taste and texture. In addition, only few babies are allergic to it.
Prevents stroke: Some studies reveled that eating bananas as part of a regular diet can reduce the risk of developing stroke. It may be due to the beneficial effect on blood pressure.
Reduce cancer risk: It is believed that eating bananas and other fruits that contain fiber and antioxidants reduces the risk of bowel cancer, and possibly other cancers.
Health benefits from eating bananas are numerous. Instead of drinking a coffee, eat a banana. It will boost your energy and give you good amounts of nutrients.
Bananas contain many essential nutrients including vitamins and minerals. In addition, they are a good source of energy, and fiber. Benefits of bananas range from providing healthy skin and hair to prevention of cancer.
Millions of people in developing countries eat banana as a staple food. They also use it as a natural remedy for many illnesses.
There are many health benefits of bananas. I can't tell all of them in detail in one post.
Here are some reasons why bananas are good for your health.
Bananas give you a healthy skin.
Bananas have many nutrients that are essential for your skin. They contain significant amounts of vitamin C which plays vital role in maintaining the integrity of your skin.
Collagen; a type of protein found in our skin. It is essential for strength and elasticity of the skin. Vitamin C is needed for the production of collagen by the body.
In addition, vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that protects the body from damage caused by oxygen free radicals. Long term destruction caused cause by the free radicals is a major cause of premature aging process of the skin. An important benefit from eating banana is younger looking skin. It can also prevent hair loss.
Good hydration is needed for your skin in order to look nice. Banana has about 75 per cent water by weight in it. Eating bananas help hydrate your skin and prevent it from drying and peeling.
Bananas are good source of vitamin B6 which is also known as pyridoxine. This B group vitamin is essential for a good healthy skin.
Large amounts of manganese is found in banana. Manganese is an antioxidant which protects the skin from damage by free radicals.
Bananas boost your energy.
Energy is needed for our day to day activities. This energy is measured in calories.
Bananas are good source of energy. An average size banana will provide you about 100 calories. They give instant energy, that means, you do not need to wait for long time to get the result. The energy is available as soon as you eat them.
Bananas relieve constipation.
Almost everyone experiences constipation at some point in their life. Constipation is a very common symptom affecting people of all age groups.
Lack of fiber in our diet is the main cause of chronic simple constipation. Bananas are rich in a type of soluble fiber called pectin. Eating them everyday will provide considerable amounts of soluble fiber, which makes your feces soft and bulky. It helps have regular smooth bowel movements.
Bananas give you better sleep.
One of the main benefits of eating banana is getting good quality sleep, which is essential for our health. Lack of sleep can cause many health problems including obesity.
Sleep is regulated by a hormone called melatonin. This hormone is secreted by pineal gland which is located in the brain.
The pineal gland secretes melatonin in response to darkness. Tryptophan; an amino-acid is necessary for the production of this sleep hormone.
Bananas contain large amounts of tryptophan and serotonin. High carbohydrate content in bananas helps the brain to utilize tryptophan and serotonin to produce the sleep hormone.
Eating banana few hours before bedtime will help you have a peaceful night sleep.
Good source of potassium.
Potassium is essential for many important functions of the body. We need potassium to maintain our blood pressure in a healthy range. Inadequate intake of potassium with our diet can cause high blood pressure.
In addition, potassium is needed for the heart to contract properly. The pumping action helps convey the blood throughout the body.
Furthermore, we need potassium for muscle contraction, and conduction of signals along nerve fibers.
Bananas have good amount of potassium. Many people do not know about the benefits provided by potassium in bananas.
It is recommended by many doctors to eat banana when you have diarrhea. You lose lots of potassium during lose motions. Eating banana can replace the potassium that you have lost in the feces.
Bananas are loaded with nutrients.
Banana is a versatile fruit that contain many nutrients including vitamins and minerals.
The following nutrition information is for an average size banana that would be approximately 100g in weight.
- calories - 100
- protein - 1.25g
- carbohydrates - 25g
- fiber - 3g
- potassium - 400mg
- zinc - 15mg
- vitamin C - 10mg
- vitamin B6 - 400micg
- manganese - 300micg
Other benefits from eating bananas.
It is believed that bananas give many other health benefits. Some are not clearly proven by scientific studies.
Stabilize your mood: Researches show that serotonin, a neurotransmitter found in bananas may help have a good mood. It can help people with depression to overcome their low mood.
Good for babies: Banana is often the first food given to weaning infants. They are easily digested. Babies like the taste and texture. In addition, only few babies are allergic to it.
Prevents stroke: Some studies reveled that eating bananas as part of a regular diet can reduce the risk of developing stroke. It may be due to the beneficial effect on blood pressure.
Reduce cancer risk: It is believed that eating bananas and other fruits that contain fiber and antioxidants reduces the risk of bowel cancer, and possibly other cancers.
Health benefits from eating bananas are numerous. Instead of drinking a coffee, eat a banana. It will boost your energy and give you good amounts of nutrients.
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